Mummies and Zombies

What a title for the holiday season, but I bet it got your attention. With finals being over, I can finally catch up on a few posts. These photos are not the greatest, but consider everything here is dead. It's a short post, but I'm fascinated with the subject matter.

This looks like a normal moth caterpillar, but upon approaching it, it appears 'frozen solid'. Braconid Wasps of the genus Aleiodes have attacked it. They feed on the internal portions of the host. Just before pupating they chew minute holes in the bottom of the caterpillar and emit a sticky glue like liquid that hardens and keeps the host firmly attached to the twig. Some Braconid and Ichneumon wasps form cocoons on the outside, but the mummy wasp Aleiodes pupates inside.

Like a scene from the movie Alien, they chew through the skin of the dorsal region and pop out as adult wasps.

Here are the wasps I hatched out from the caterpillar above. There are about 100 species in this group found in North America. Many are species specific to certain caterpillars, but I haven't delved into this far enough to give an exact species name.

This strange critter is a mummified Harvestmen. Torrubiella is an Entomophagous fungi, meaning it attacks Arachnids and Insects. Spiders and Daddy-longlegs are particularly susceptible because they are soft bodied. The hard exoskeleton of insects are more difficult to penetrate. Hemiptera, in particular the Homoptera group, leafhoppers, planthoppers, scale, etc., are known to get this fungus.

The spores land on the host and penetrate the body. Toxins are released that kill the animal, and then the fungus absorbs the bodies liquids. The fungus contains antibiotics which prevent other pathogens from invading the corpse. The mycelium spreads and then forms reproductive structures at the weaker points of the body, such as the leg joints of this harvestmen.

Another body invading fungus is Cordyceps. They are known to attack at least a dozen different orders of insects. This is a Carolina Leafroller, Camptonotus carolinensis, a katydid relative.

The dark spot at the base of the abdomen, and the long ovipositor verify this as a female leafroller. Cordyceps fungi may be more familiar to some with regards to ants. This is the same genus that affects the brains of certain ants, turning them into zombies. They climb to high points on vegetation, then the fungal spores spring out of their head. Infected ants are recognized by the colony, and individuals are removed so they won't cause the entire population to die.

I actually got to watch these fungal hyphae grow from a couple millimeters to over a half inch in length.  They start white and turn black with age. They erupt from every joint or seam in the body, head, thorax, abdomen, and appendages. Most of these fungi are species specific, attacking only one type of insect.

Here is a sphinx moth, the Lettered Sphinx I believe, Deidamia inscriptum, mummified by another type of fungus. In this case it's Akanthomyces fungi, known to favor moths and beetles. The biology is similar to other insect attacking fungi. The white mycelium spreads both internally and externally. This fungus spares no part of the body, even sending out spores through the wing veins.

I'll finish the way I started, with a parasite. This shriveled up caterpillar, and the cocoon below, may be caused by Cotesia, a parasitic wasp. Unlike the earlier wasp I mentioned, these tend to bore out the sides and bottom of the body. They form a large wiggling mass beneath the caterpillar. Talk about the walking dead being zombiefied, the caterpillars brain is so messed up by this, it actually starts spinning a cocoon around the wasps themselves! The caterpillar provides protection for the very critters that end up killing it.

Side note: I found the biology of this amazing, BUT, this may be nothing more than the caterpillars OWN cocoon. Some moths and butterflies leave a shriveled up portion of their skins before pupating into a cocoon or chrysalis. I've had this specimen for a couple years, and nothing has hatched out of it. Next time I find one, I'll have to open it up and look inside.

Sumacs of Ohio

The Sumacs of Ohio are comprised of five species in two genera. They are classified as shrubs, but several can obtain large sizes. All have compound leaves, and the majority have red fruit. Sumacs are not woodland species, but require open areas and edges in full sunlight.

The most common species in our area is the Smooth Sumac, Rhus glabra. The rachis is often reddish purple because it has a glaucous coating. There are a large number of leaflets on Smooth Sumac.

The underside of the leaflets are white, and the margins are serrate.

The fruit is bright red and grows erect. Besides soaking it for making lemonade, the dried berries or "drupes" can be added to salads for a hint of lemon also. The sap of sumacs is very sticky and used in varnish.

The new growth twigs of Smooth Sumac are 3-sided and fairly smooth to the touch. The buds protrude outward from the center of the leaf scar. These twigs are eaten by deer and rabbits in the winter.

Our second most common species is Winged Sumac, Rhus copallina. It has fewer leaflets than Smooth. They are green on both sides, and the margins are entire. The key feature are the leafy like growths or wings between the leaflets. The look of those leaves are not due to a flash, but are naturally this bright. The other common name is Shining Sumac.

Winged Sumac has yellowish white flowers during the summer. Come fall the fruit will be red, but much duller than Smooth Sumac. Another thing to notice, the fruit tend to hang rather than grow straight up.

Before long the fruit will start to droop, and turn a blackish red.

Compared to Smooth Sumac, the twigs will feel more round rather than angled. The twig is not smooth, but covered in an abundance of bumpy lenticles.  The buds grow out from the top of the leaf scar.

Looking at these pictures, it would appear to be more of the Smooth Sumac. Well the leaves, twigs, and fruit ARE nearly identical, but with one major exception.

A closer look reveals that all parts of this plant are covered in velvety hairs. This is Staghorn Sumac, Rhus typhina. Though found state wide, I see more of it in northern Ohio. This is the largest of the sumacs. So large in fact, as a kid I was able to climb them like a tree.

A closeup of the fruit shows how thick the hairs can be. Each drupe looks like a miniature red Sea Urchin.

Nothing shows the fuzziness better than the twig. This was taken in early spring as the upper buds began to open up into leaves.

The sumac that people seem least familiar with is the smallest one, known as Fragrant Sumac, Rhus aromatica. The latin name refers to the sweet spicy smell when you crush the leaves. When folks find this shrub for the first time, they usually back away.

There's good reason to be hesitant. The leaves are trifoliate, and resemble Poison Ivy!

Fear not. Once you see red fruit, you know you're safe. There may be a slight peach-fuzz on the fruit, but this species forms round clusters of drupes, not pyramid shaped like the others. It's widely scattered in the state, but if you live in a county with a major river system, you probably have it. Also look for the heavily scaled catkins growing at the top of the plant.

Last  but not least is the species you need to watch out for. With leaves growing high above your head, you may bump into this without knowing it. Poison Sumac, Toxicodendron vernix.

The leaflets are fewer than Staghorn or Smooth. If anything, they look more like Winged Sumac, but without the wings. The leaflets tend to be broader than those three species, ending in a fine tip. I also notice the leaflets look further apart than other sumacs.

The key feature is the fruit. First, it turns from green to WHITE. That's one reason it's in the same genus as Poison Ivy. The other thing to look for is that the fruit droops downward, away from the plant. This  plant causes the same rash as Poison Ivy, and depending on your skin, many people have more severe reactions to this than P.I. The most frequent areas for this are the entire N.E. portion of the state, but it will be found anywhere there is a swamp.

Hickories of Ohio

It's that time of year where I'm not out with the camera much. I often look through my photos in order to come up with a topic to post. I had put this together before I realized fellow blogger Andrew Gibson did an excellent post on the subject a couple years back at Natural Treasures of Ohio. Andy emphasized winter condition in his post, and I simply hope to expand on that.

There are six species of hickory in our region. Rather than memorizing them, there are three ways you can spilt them into different groups.

1) Are there 5 or commonly 7-9 leaflets?
2) Is the bark shaggy or tightly criss-crossed?
3) Is the fruit husk thick or thin?

We'll start with the two shaggy looking species. The more common one is the Shagbark Hickory, Carya ovata. It is found from bottomlands to ridgetops. The bark forms long shaggy or warped plates that separate from the trunk.

Because young Shagbarks do NOT have shaggy bark, it pays to look at other characters. The twigs are dark brown and dirty hairy. The buds are elongate or bullet shaped. The bottom scales are black to purple, and the upper scales are light colored.

Sometimes there may be seven leaflets, but Shagbark most often occurs with 5 leaflets. The name ovata comes from the terminal leaflet often being broader than other hickories. The fruit has thick husks, and is considered the most edible of all the hickories here in the north. In the south, another hickory has high commercial value, Carya illinoiensis, otherwise known as the Pecan.

Another thick husked fruit with compound leaves. At first glance, it looks just like the picture above.

Looking at the bark, it too seems to match Shagbark. This is Kingnut Hickory, Carya laciniosa. One thing to consider, 99 out of 100 times, this species will be restricted to wet bottomlands only. Beyond that you need to look closer at a few details.

Unlike Shagbark, Kingnut always shows 7-9 leaflets. Another common name for this species is Shellbark Hickory.

The buds are similar to Shag, dark below and light above, but pay attention to the new growth twigs. Shagbark is dark brown, dirty hairy. Kingnut twigs are tan, beige, flesh toned, or just call them light colored. Except in early spring, the twigs are hairless. The lenticles are often lined in orange.

While any hickory can retain its rachis stems, Kingnut is notorious for keeping them on throughout the winter. Another thing Kingnut does more so than any other hickory, it also holds the old bud scales. You can see them peeled back against the base of the twig.

Three other hickories have this tight look to the bark. Scissor shaped, criss-crossed, or X shaped. I have never met anyone who can reliably tell Mocker, Pig, and Bitter apart strictly by the bark alone. At certain ages there are subtle differences, but as they grow older, even those characters don't usually hold up. So it's important to look at the other parts of the tree.

Bitternut Hickory, Carya cordiformis, has 7-9 leaflets. By itself, that doesn't do much, since Mockernut has also 7.

The unique characteristic are the buds. Both terminal and lateral buds are a sulfur or mustard yellow. They are the only hickory in the north with these valvate or naked buds.

If you can't reach the branches to check buds, look on the ground for fruit. Bitternut fruit are oval rather than perfectly round. Like the Pignut, they are thin husked. Unlike Pignut, the fissures have raised ridges or wings. Most find the thin husked hickories not very tasty, hence the name Bitternut.

Regardless of which you may choose to crack open and eat, be aware they are susceptible to pests. Here is the grub of the Hickory Nut Weevil, Curculio caryae, chewing it's way out of the shell. These beetles spend the season eating the inside, then crawl out and bury themselves in the dirt till the following year before pupating into adults. They are related to the same Weevils that attack Plum, Chestnut, and Oak acorns.

Mockernut Hickory, Carya tomentosa. Another 7-9 leaved hickory with thick fruit. If these characters start to overlap, look for something that stands out as different.

Carya tomentosa refers to the hairy texture of the twig and leaf rachis. The more you look at these though, the more you can see something else that sticks out. The buds are shaped like the Taj Mahal or like a Hershey Kiss candy.

Besides the shape, the other thing to look for is that there are NO dark scales around the base of the bud. Early in the season they do have them, but they are deciduous and drop off come late summer and fall.

Our third tight barked species is Pignut Hickory, Carya glabra. Here in the north Pignut usually has 5 leaflets. In the south, it is more common to see them with 7. To remember both 5 leaved species, I think of what former colleague Ned Maxson used to tell students. When in the woods, look for "five shaggy pigs".

Pignut is the second thin husked, oval fruit. It does NOT have wings on it like the Bitternut. The shape often resembles a pig face and snoot.

Students sometimes call this a Shagbark, thinking they see two toned buds. Remember, on Shagbark the lower scales are dark, and upper portions light. On Pignut, one whole side of the bud may be dark.

Pignut twigs and buds are skinnier and smaller than the other hickories. To some, that's all relative. Their twigs are dark brown like Mockernut and Shagbark, but look again. The term glabra means smooth. There is no hair on the new growth portions. This is especially evident when shining in the sun.

That smooth appearance continues into the leaves. The rachis is also hairless on Pignut.

That brings us to out last hickory. Click on the photo if it's not large enough. Look at the bark. This one seems it can't decide on whether to call itself tight or shaggy. This is the least common species. Considered by some as just a Pignut variety, most texts elevate it to a valid species. It's known as Sweet Pignut, Carya ovalis.

Sweet Pig is said to have slightly larger and more stout twigs and buds. In my observations, this is true, but still a minute character. Sweet Pig almost always has seven leaflets instead of 5. Another common name is Red Hickory. The bases of the rachis are usually red, then brown further up. Since this photo was taken in November, I wouldn't use this as proof. One needs to check during the summer.

It is written that ovalis fruit splits all the way to both ends, and that glabra only splits half way. I've seen thousands of Pignuts, and I don't believe this is reliable.

An appropriate third common name applied to this species is the False Shagbark Hickory. The bark is tightly X shaped, but portions tend to start breaking away. Not in long shaggy strips, but just enough to catch your attention. It's the first thing I look for if I'm thinking Sweet Pignut.

Hickories do have habitat preferences, but by no means are they restricted to one site. Only Kingnut needs to keep its feet wet in bottomlands. All the others I have seen growing within a few feet of each other throughout our slopes and ridges.